- Microplastics cut plant photosynthesis by up to 12%, reducing crop growth.
- Wheat, rice, and maize may see 4-14% production losses.
- Hunger could rise by 400 million people in 20 years.
- Asia faces the worst impact, losing 54 to 177 million tonnes annually.
- Scientists call for urgent action to curb plastic pollution.
A recent study has revealed that microplastics are having a devastating effect on global agriculture by impairing plant growth. These tiny plastic particles, measuring less than 5 millimeters, are significantly reducing photosynthesis. As a result, plants struggle to convert sunlight into energy, weakening crop productivity. This decline in agricultural output is contributing to food shortages and worsening global hunger.
Microplastics originate from the breakdown of larger plastic waste and have been detected everywhere, from deep ocean trenches to the peak of Mount Everest. They not only contaminate air and water but also infiltrate agricultural soils, disrupting plant health and reducing food production.
According to a meta-analysis of 37 scientific studies, microplastics can significantly harm plant growth. Research shows that these tiny plastic particles reduce plant biomass by 13 percent and chlorophyll content by 28 percent. As a result, plants absorb fewer nutrients, produce smaller yields, and grow at a slower rate. The negative impact is more severe when microplastics are present in smaller sizes or in large concentrations.
One of the main ways microplastics harm crops is by blocking sunlight. When these particles settle on leaves, they limit light absorption, which slows down photosynthesis. This reduces the plant’s ability to produce energy, weakening its overall growth.
Microplastics also disrupt soil health. They alter the soil’s natural composition, making it harder for plants to absorb water and nutrients. This weakens root systems and reduces crop productivity. Over time, this soil degradation can have long-term consequences for agricultural sustainability.
Another major concern is the presence of toxic chemicals in microplastics. Many of these particles contain harmful substances such as heavy metals and pesticides. When they reach plant roots, they introduce toxins that can poison the plant and stunt its growth. This contamination not only affects plant health but can also make food crops unsafe for consumption.
The Growing Food Security Crisis
The implications of microplastic pollution are alarming. Researchers estimate that 4 to 14 percent of global wheat, rice, and maize production could be lost due to microplastic contamination.
Asia is expected to face the worst consequences, with annual crop losses ranging between 54 million and 177 million tonnes. This accounts for nearly half of the global losses. Europe will also see wheat reductions, while the United States may experience a decline in maize production.
Meanwhile, hunger is already a pressing issue. In 2022, approximately 700 million people suffered from food insecurity. Scientists warn that without urgent intervention, microplastic pollution could increase this number by another 400 million within two decades.
Marine Life at Risk
Microplastics are not just harming land-based agriculture. In oceans and freshwater bodies, these pollutants coat algae, reducing their ability to produce oxygen and sustain aquatic ecosystems. As a result, global seafood production is expected to decline by 1 to 24 million tonnes per year, equivalent to 7% of total fish supply—enough protein to feed tens of millions of people.
Call for Action
Scientists emphasize that while this study offers important insights, more research is necessary to fully understand the extent of microplastic contamination in food systems. Moreover, they warn that without further investigation, the long-term risks to agriculture and human health may remain underestimated.
As a result, experts are calling on governments and policymakers to take immediate action to address the growing crisis. Strengthening regulations on plastic waste is a key priority to prevent further environmental contamination. By enforcing stricter waste management policies, authorities can reduce the amount of plastic entering ecosystems and agricultural lands.
In addition, investing in research is crucial. Scientists stress the need for more studies to determine how microplastics affect soil fertility, crop yields, and human health over time. Understanding these long-term impacts will help in developing effective strategies to minimize harm.
Furthermore, promoting sustainable alternatives to plastics is another essential step. Researchers suggest increasing the use of biodegradable materials and enhancing recycling systems to reduce plastic pollution. Encouraging industries to adopt eco-friendly packaging and production methods can significantly lower the release of microplastics into the environment.
Despite growing evidence of the dangers posed by microplastics, international efforts to curb plastic pollution have faced challenges. In December 2024, world leaders failed to reach a consensus on a United Nations treaty aimed at reducing plastic waste. However, negotiations are set to resume in August 2025, and scientists hope this study will influence stronger global commitments.
Microplastic pollution is an emerging environmental crisis with serious consequences for global food security. If left unchecked, it could worsen hunger, disrupt ecosystems, and threaten the stability of food supplies worldwide. Urgent action is needed to address this growing threat, safeguard agriculture, and ensure a sustainable future for all.